Geometrically appropriate tool selection assistance for determined work site dimensions

ABSTRACT

A robotic system includes a processor that is programmed to determine and cause work site measurements for user specified points in the work site to be graphically displayed in order to provide geometrically appropriate tool selection assistance to the user. The processor is also programmed to determine an optimal one of a plurality of tools of varying geometries for use at the work site and to cause graphical representations of at least the optimal tool to be displayed along with the work site measurements.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/210,881 (filed Mar. 14, 2014), now U.S. Pat. No. 9,375,844, which claims benefit of priority from U.S. Application No. 61/793,354 (filed Mar. 15, 2013), each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to robotic systems. In particular, it relates to a robotic system, and method implemented therein, for geometrically appropriate tool selection assistance for determined work site dimensions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

U.S. Pat. No. 8,100,133 describes a robotic system in which indicators are provided to communicate which tool currently mounted on a robotic system is to be removed and which replacement tool currently available for mounting is to take its place. In this system, replacement tools are chosen for their functionality, so there is generally no uncertainty in which replacement tool of a number of candidate replacement tools is to be selected.

Robotic systems may also be equipped, however, with a tool which is selected from a number of tools of varying geometries for use at a work site. When the work site dimensions are not precisely known, selection of an appropriate tool may be subjectively made based upon a visual estimate of the work site dimensions. If the visual estimate is inaccurate, then the selected tool may need to be replaced by another tool, thus causing delay in the performance of work activity performed by the robotic system.

Further, during the performance of robotic activity at the work site, the work space within the work site may change for various reasons such as the movement of objects within the work site. In this case, a tool currently mounted on the robotic system may need to be replaced, not for functionality reasons, but for geometry reasons. In particular, a longer or shorter tool may be required for optimal performance within the changed work site space. Thus, an initially mounted tool may need to be replaced by a geometrically appropriate tool which is better suited for the work site dimensions, thereby causing further delay in the performance of work activity performed by the robotic system.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, one object of one or more aspects of the present invention is a robotic system, and method implemented therein, that provides geometrically appropriate tool selection assistance for determined work site dimensions.

Another object of one or more aspects of the present invention is a robotic system, and method implemented therein, that determines and provides information of an optimal tool to be mounted on the robotic system for determined work site dimensions.

Another object of one or more aspects of the present invention is a robotic system, and method implemented therein, that provides displayable information to a user of the robotic system for user selection of a geometrically appropriate tool for determined work site dimensions.

Still another object of one or more aspects of the present invention is a robotic system, and method implemented therein, that provides work site measurements for selection of geometrically appropriate tools and other purposes.

These and additional objects are accomplished by the various aspects of the present invention, wherein briefly stated, one aspect is an apparatus comprising a display, an image capture device, and a processor. The image capture device is disposed to capture images of a work site. The processor is programmed to: determine positions of one or more user specified points in the work site relative to an image capturing perspective of the image capture device; translate the determined positions of the one or more user specified points so as to be relative to a target reference frame which is noncoincident with the image capturing perspective of the image capture device; and cause information of the translated positions of the one or more user specified points to be graphically displayed on the display so as to provide work site measurements relative to the target reference frame.

Another aspect is a method for providing work site measurements. The method comprises: determining positions of one or more user specified points in the work site relative to an image capturing perspective of the image capture device; translating the determined positions of the one or more user specified points so as to be relative to a target reference frame which is noncoincident with the image capturing perspective of the image capture device; and graphically displaying information of the translated positions of the one or more user specified points on a display so as to provide work site measurements relative to the target reference frame.

Additional objects, features, and advantages of the various aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description which should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of robotic system utilizing aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram of a first method utilizing aspects of the present invention for providing geometrically appropriate tool selection assistance for determined work site dimensions.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram of a second method utilizing aspects of the present invention for providing geometrically appropriate tool selection assistance for determined work site dimensions.

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic of a cavity-shaped work site with tools which may be manipulated by a robotic system utilizing aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic of a zero-degree angle image capture device usable in a robotic system utilizing aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic of a thirty-degree angle image capture device usable in a robotic system utilizing aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic of an image capture device and tools inserted through a common entry port as usable in a robotic system utilizing aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates sampled distance distributions of user specified points which are graphically displayed on a display of a robotic system utilizing aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a distance histogram of user selected points which is graphically displayed on a display of a robotic system utilizing aspects of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates, as an example, a block diagram of a robotic system 1000. An image capture device 1010 is preferably a high-definition digital stereo camera that generates a video stream of stereo images captured at a frame rate of the camera, such as thirty frames per second. Each frame of stereo images includes a left stereo image and a right stereo image.

A processor 1030 is programmed to process images received from the image capture device 1010 and cause the processed images to be displayed on a display 1020. The display 1020 is preferably a stereo viewer having left and right display screens for respectively displaying left and right stereo images derived from the left and right stereo images captured by the image capture device 1010.

Input devices 1031, 1032 and an input button 1033 are provided to facilitate user interaction with the robotic system 1000. The input devices 1031, 1032 may be any conventional computer input device such as a joystick, computer mouse, keyboard, microphone, or digital pen and pad, which may be used alone or as part of a user interface system such as a Graphical User Interface (GUI) 1041 and a telestrator 1042. The input button 1033 may be disposed on or adjacent to one of the input devices 1031, 1032 and used as a conventional switch or clicking device. The input button 1033 may also be used alone or as part of a user interface system such as the GUI 1041, telestrator 1042, and a gaze tracker 1043.

Tools 1021, 1022 are provided so that they may interact with objects at a work site. Individual of the tools 1021, 1022 and the image capture device 1010 may be robotically manipulated using robot arms or slave manipulators (not shown) under the control of the processor 1030 in response to user interaction with the input devices 1031, 1032. Alternatively or additionally, individual of the tools 1021, 1022 and the image capture device 1010 may be manually manipulated by a user of the robotic system 1000. Although only two tools are shown in the figure, it is to be appreciated that more or less tools may be employed in the robotic system 1000, depending upon what is needed at the time for interacting with objects in a work site.

A depth detector 1050 may also be optionally included in the robotic system 1000 to determine depth values for user specified points relative to an image capturing perspective (e.g., image capturing end) of the image capture device 1010. The depth values in this case are distances from the user specified points to an image capturing end of the image capture device 1010. There are a number of ways the depth detector 1050 may be configured to determine such depth values. As an example, a structured light technique may be used by the depth detector 1050 in which a known light pattern is projected onto a scene, which includes the user specified point, and the relative light intensities on the scene tracked by sensors in the depth detector 1050 to derive a depth map for the scene. See, e.g., Daniel Scharstein and Richard Szeliski, “High-Accuracy Stereo Depth Maps Using Structured Light,” IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2003), vol. 1, pages 195-202, Madison, Wis., June 2003. As another example, a laser range finder may alternatively be included in the depth detector 1050 for determining depth values of a three-dimensional scene.

An autofocus unit 1011 performs an automatic focusing function on the image capture device 1010 as a function of the depth values for a scene. The scene may be defined in this case by a region of interest which may be predefined or specified by the user of the system 1000 using, for example, the GUI 1041, the telestrator 1042, or the gaze tracker 1043.

Additional details on a telestrator such as the telestrator 1042 may be found, for example, in U.S. 2007/0156017 entitled “Stereo Telestration for Robotic Surgery”, which is incorporated herein by reference. Additional details on such a gaze tracker such as the gaze tracker 1043 may be found, for example, in U.S. Application No. 61/554,741 entitled “Method and System for Stereo Gaze Tracking”, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The processor 1030 performs various functions in the robotic system 1000. As previously mentioned, it controls robotic operation of the tools 1021, 1022 and the image capture device 1010 in response to user interaction with associated input devices, such as the input devices 1031, 1032. The processor 1030 also may be used to perform various methods described herein. Although described as a processor, it is to be appreciated that the processor 1030 may be implemented by any combination of hardware, software, and firmware. Also, its functions as described herein may be performed by one unit or divided up among different components, each of which may be implemented in turn by any combination of hardware, software, and firmware. The robotic system 1000 may be used in various applications. As one example, aspects of the robotic system 1000 may be used as a medical robotic system such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,659,939 entitled “Cooperative Minimally Invasive Telesurgical System,” which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 2 illustrates, as an example, a flow diagram of a method for providing work site measurements. Program code implementing various blocks of the method is stored non-transitorily in memory 1060 and executed by the processor 1030.

In block 2001, the method may optionally be initiated by a user preparing the work site. As an example, FIG. 4 illustrates a simplified work site that is configured in the shape of a cavity 4010 having entry ports such as entry ports 4022, 4032. Within the work site are objects 4011, 4012, 4013 which may be manipulated or otherwise interacted with by tools, such as tools 4030, 4040, 4050 (each of which may be one of the tools 1021, 1022 of FIG. 1), while images of the work site are being captured by one or more image capture devices, such as image capture device 4020 (which may be the image capture device 1010 of FIG. 1). In this example, prior to the tool 4030 interacting with one or more of the objects 4011, 4012, 4013, the work site may be prepared for such interaction by, for example, the tool 4040 acting as a retractor to move object 4011 from an initial location indicated by dotted-lined object 4011′ to a retracted position indicated by solid-lined object 4011. In this case, the retractor 4040 may be robotically or manually moved in the directions indicated by double-headed arrow 4041. As another example, the work site may also be prepared for interaction by, for example, the tool 4050 acting as an insufflator to expand or insufflate the cavity by injecting gas into a proximal end 4051 and through an inner channel 4052 of the tool 4050 into the cavity 4010. As may be appreciated, such preparations of the work site may affect the work site dimensions relative to a perspective of the image capture device 4020.

In block 2002, the method determines whether or not work site measurements are to start. The user may turn on and off work site measurement processing in any one of a number of conventional ways such as turning a switch, such as the input button 1033, to ON and OFF positions. Alternatively, the user may use voice commands spoken into a voice recognition system to turn the processing ON and OFF. If the determination in block 2002 is NO, then the method continuously loops through block 2002 each process cycle until an affirmative determination is made. Upon making a YES determination in block 2002, the method proceeds to block 2003.

In block 2003, the user causes the image capture device to move or pivot about a point so that its captured images sweep the work site. To do this, the image capture device may be robotically or manually moved. As an example, FIG. 4 illustrates an image capture device 4020 that may pivoted (as indicated by double-headed arrow 4023) about a point referred to as a Remote Center (RC) at the entry port 4022 to the work site cavity 4010, so that its image capturing end may scan the work site area. This results in the user reorienting the Field of View (FOV) 4021 of the image capture device so that it captures images of objects that may otherwise be outside an initial FOV 4021.

In block 2004, the method determines whether a point on a surface of an object in the work space that is currently intersected by a central axis of the FOV 4021 is to be included as a user specified sample point. The user may specify this point to be a sample point by, for example, depressing the input button 1033, so that the determination of whether or not the point is to be included as a user specified sample point may be made by determining whether or not the input button 1033 is being depressed at the time. If the determination in block 2004 is NO, then the method jumps back to block 2003 so that the position of the image capture device for the next process period may be processed. On the other hand, if the determination in block 2004 is YES, then the method proceeds to block 2005.

In block 2005, the method determines the position of the user specified sample point relative to an image capturing end of the image capture device. The position in this case may be determined from a depth measurement of the user specified sample point, which is a distance to the user specified sample point from the image capturing perspective of the image capture device. The determination of the depth to the user specified point may be performed using the depth detector 1050. Alternatively, the depth may be determined by determining corresponding points in stereo images using a robust sparse image matching algorithm, determining disparities between the corresponding points, and converting the disparities to depths using a predetermined disparity to depth mapping. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,184,880 entitled “Robust Sparse Image Matching for Robotic Surgery”, which is incorporated herein by reference. In this latter case, the depth may be determined by the processor 1030 so that the depth detector 1050 is not necessarily included in the robotic system 1000.

In block 2006, the method translates the position of the user specified point relative to the image capturing end of the image capture device to another reference frame associated with a tool entry port into the work site. The translation may involve the use of one or more reference frame transforms.

As an example, referring to FIGS. 4-6, two reference frame transforms may be used to translate the position of a point on an object relative to a reference frame defined at the distal tip of the image capture device (referred to herein as the “tip” reference frame) to a reference frame defined at a Remote Center (RC) for a tool (referred to herein as the “RCT” reference frame). The RC point for the tool serves as a control reference point for the tool. It is a point about which the tool is manipulatable by its robotic arm. The “tip” reference frame is disposed and oriented so as to be from the image capturing perspective of the image capture device. For example, referring to FIG. 5, for a zero-degree angle image capture device, the z-axis of the tip reference frame is coincident with a central axis of a shaft of the image capture device. As another example, referring to FIG. 6, for a thirty-degree angle image capture device, the z-axis of the tip reference frame is at an angle α (e.g., 150 degrees) from the central axis of the shaft of the image capture device. In either case, the depth “dC”, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, to the point on the object is measured along the z-axis of the “tip” reference frame.

Now continuing with the example, a first reference frame transform _(tip) ^(RCI)T maps points in the tip reference frame to a Remote Center (RC) reference frame of the image capture device (referred to herein as the “RCI” reference frame). The RC point for the image capture device serves as a control reference for the image capture device. It is a point about which the image capture device is manipulatable by its robotic arm. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the transform _(tip) ^(RCI)T is readily determinable from the known dimensions and geometry of the image capture device. A second reference frame transform _(RCI) ^(RCT)T then maps points from the RCI reference frame to the RCT reference frame of the tool.

When the RC point for the image capture device and the RC point for the tool are at the same location, such as shown in FIG. 7, this may be a simple matter of determining the different orientations for the two reference frames. The origin of the two reference frames is the same RC point designated by the reference number 426. In FIG. 7, each curved cannula 416 a, 416 b may be considered a “tool” which in turn, delivers an instrument to a work site so that it may interact with an object 424 at the work site. At the proximal end of each cannula, an interface 204 a, 204 b is provided to couple the cannula and its respective instrument to a corresponding slave manipulator or robotic arm. An image capture device 252 is also shown having a Field of View (FOV) 430 which covers the working ends of the instruments as they interact with the object 424. At the proximal end of the image capture device 252, an interface 242 is provided to couple the image capture device to its slave manipulator or robotic arm. A support 423 is provided to provide support for the image capture device 252, cannula 416 a, and cannula 416 b at the common entry port 428.

On the other hand, when the RC point for the image capture device and the RC point for the tool are at different locations, such as shown in FIG. 4, a slightly more complex calculation is involved. In this case, both the RC reference frames for the image capture device and the tool may be determined relative to a world reference frame, e.g., _(World) ^(RCI)T and _(World) ^(RCT)T. Once those transforms are determined, then it is straightforward to determine the transform for the RC reference frame of the image capture device to the RC reference frame for the tool, e.g., _(RCI) ^(RCT)T=_(World) ^(RCT)T×_(RCI) ^(World)T.

Additional details on such reference frames and reference frame transformations may be found, for example, in U.S. 2012/0290134 entitled “Estimation of a Position and Orientation of a Frame used in Controlling Movement of a Tool” filed Jan. 27, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In block 2007, the method determines whether or not work site measurements are to stop. As previously explained in reference to block 2002, the user may turn on and off work site measurement processing in any one of a number of conventional ways such as turning a switch, such as the input button 1033, to ON and OFF positions. Alternatively, the user may use voice commands spoken into a voice recognition system to turn the processing ON and OFF. If the determination in block 2007 is NO, then the method jumps back to block 2003 to process information for a next process cycle. On the other hand, if the determination in block 2007 is YES, the method proceeds to block 2008.

In block 2008, the method determines an optimal tool for use in the work site based upon the work site measurements and the geometries of candidate tools. For example, a plurality of tools of varying geometries (e.g., lengths and curvatures) may be compared to the work site measurements as determined for the user specified sample points. To determine the optimal tool, a number of different algorithms may be used. The selection of which algorithm to use may be based upon the specific application of the tool (e.g., its intended interaction with one or more objects in the work site).

As an example, a minimum depth among the depths for a plurality of user specified sample points may be compared against an unextended length of each of the candidate tools. Candidate tools having an unextended length greater than the minimum depth may be eliminated from consideration and one or more selection criteria may be used to determine the optimal one among the remaining candidate tools. For example, a middle-sized one of the candidate tools may be chosen. As another example, an average depth among the depths for the plurality of user specified sample points may be compared against the unextended length of each of the candidate tools. As another example, a maximum depth among the depths for the plurality of user specified sample points may be compared against an extended length of each of the candidate tools. In this case, candidate tools having an extended length less than the maximum depth may be eliminated from consideration and one or more selection criteria may be used to determine the optimal one among the remaining candidate tools.

In block 2009, the method causes information of the work site measurements to be graphically displayed on a display, such as the display 1020 of FIG. 1. As one example, FIG. 8 illustrates a three-dimensional distance map which is displayable on the display 1020. The distance map in this case indicates distances to each of the user specified sample points in the target reference frame. In this example, the target reference frame is the RCT reference frame with the RC point of the tool as its origin. Therefore, the distance to each of the sample points is equal to the magnitude of a vector extending from the origin to the sample point. For example, a graphical representation 8001 of a distance from the RC point to a first user specified point [x1, y1, z1] in the RCT reference frame of the tool is shown. Similarly, second, third, fourth, and fifth graphical representations 8002, 8003, 8004, and 8005 of distances from the RC point to their respective user specified points [x2, y2, z2], [x3, y3, z3], [x4, y4, z4], and [x5, y5, z5] are also shown. Adjacent each graphical representation of a distance is a magnitude of the distance. Concentric spheres, or parts thereof, may also be shown, such as by dotted lines, to provide a visual indication of the work site dimensions. Also shown is a graphical representation of a tool 8010 having a non-extendable portion 8011 and an extendable portion 8012. In this case, the non-extendable portion 8011 may represent the cannula 416 b of FIG. 7 and the extendable portion 8012 may represent an instrument extending to its maximum extension out of the cannula 416 b. The graphical representation of the tool 8010 may be pivotable about the RC point in response to user interaction with an input device, such as the input device 1031 of FIG. 1. The graphical representation of the extendable portion 8012 may also be adjustable (e.g., extendable and/or orientable) in response to user interaction with an input device, such as the input device 1032 of FIG. 1. A default graphical representation of the tool 8010 is preferably the optimal tool determined in block 2008. The user may also select among a plurality of candidate tools to identify which tool is to be graphically displayed at the time on the display. Such user selection may be performed, for example, by the user interacting with the GUI 1041 of FIG. 1 to select a tool by clicking on its displayed icon or selecting the tool from a displayed menu of tools.

As another example of work site measurements being graphically displayed on the display 1020, FIG. 9 illustrates a distance histogram which is displayable on the display 1020. The distance histogram in this case indicates distances in the target reference frame to each of the user specified sample points. For example, graphical representations 9001, 9002, 9003, and 9004 of a distance from the RC point to corresponding user specified points in the RCT reference frame of the tool are shown. Graphical representations of two candidate tools 9010 and 9020 are also shown. In this example, tool 9010 is designated as the short tool with its maximum extension indicated by dotted line 9011 and tool 9020 is designated as the long tool with its maximum extension indicated by dotted line 9021. Graphical representations of additional candidate tools may also be shown with the optimal tool highlighted in some fashion such as a different color, a different brightness, or a blinking representation.

FIG. 3 illustrates, as an example, a flow diagram of an alternative method 3000 for providing work site measurements. Program code implementing various blocks of the method is stored non-transitorily in memory 1060 and executed by the processor 1030. Whereas the method 2000 of FIG. 2 involved the user sweeping the work site with the image capture device, the method 3000 of FIG. 3 involves processing stereo images with the image capture device stationary.

In block 3001, the method may optionally be initiated by a user preparing the work site, such as described in reference to block 2001 of FIG. 2. The method then proceeds to block 3002 in which it determines whether or not work site measurements are to start, such as described in reference to block 2002 of FIG. 2.

In block 3003, the method receives an image of a plurality of objects which has been captured by an image capture device such as image capture device 1010. When the image capture device is a stereoscopic camera, it is to be understood that the term “image” refers to a stereo pair of left and right images captured by the stereoscopic camera. On the other hand, if the image capture device is an ultrasound transducer, it is to be understood that the term “image” refers to a plurality of two-dimensional slices of the plurality of objects.

In block 3004, the method processes the captured image and causes the processed image to be displayed on a display such as the display 1020 of FIG. 1.

In block 3005, the method receives sample points which have been indicated by the user on the display. The user may indicate such sample points individually on the display or as all points in a region of interest on the display by, for examples, interacting with the GUI 1041, the telestrator 1042, or the gaze tracker 1043. As another example, the user may specify a region of interest by commanding movement of a cursor on the display 1020 by using the input device 1031 and providing an indication that an area circumscribed by the movement of the cursor is to be selected as the region of interest by clicking the input button 1033, which in this case may be on the user input device 1031. As still another example, the user may simply indicate each of the sample points by moving the cursor on the display so that it is over each of the sample points and clicking the button to indicate its selection.

In block 3006, the method determines the positions of the user specified sample points relative to an image capturing end of the image capture device by using a transform from a display reference frame to the “tip” reference frame of the image capture device. When the captured image received from the image capture device directly corresponds to the displayed image on the display, the mapping process may simply take into account the different resolutions of the image capture device and the display and any image calibration adjustments made to the captured image. When the displayed image results from processing of the captured image so as to alter its perspective, such as to provide a sense of telepresence, or to crop off a part of the captured image, the mapping process preferably takes into account such alterations in determining a transform _(Display) ^(Tip)T for mapping user specified sample points on the display to corresponding points in the “tip” reference frame of the image capture device.

In block 3007, the method translates the position of the user specified point relative to the image capturing end of the image capture device to another reference frame associated with a tool entry port into the work site, such as described in reference to block 2006 of FIG. 2.

In block 3008, the method determines an optimal tool for use in the work site based upon the work site measurements and the geometries of candidate tools, such as described in reference to block 2008 of FIG. 2.

In block 3009, the method causes information of the work site measurements to be graphically displayed on a display, such as described in reference to block 2009 of FIG. 2.

Although the various aspects of the present invention have been described with respect to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that the invention is entitled to full protection within the full scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a display; a slave manipulator adapted to manipulate a tool about a pivot point; an image capture device disposed to capture images of a work site; and a processor programmed to: receive information of a plurality of user specified points in the work site; determine positions of the plurality of user specified points relative to an image reference frame having an origin collocated with an image capturing end of the image capture device; translate the determined positions of the plurality of user specified points from the image reference frame to a target reference frame having an origin collocated with the pivot point; and cause information of the translated positions of the plurality of user specified points to be graphically displayed on the display so as to indicate distances of the plurality of user specified points to the pivot point.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to: cause information of a plurality of tools of varying geometries to be displayed along with the information of the translated positions of the plurality of user specified points on the display, wherein a replacement tool is selectable among the plurality of tools so that the replacement tool may replace the tool which is manipulatable by the slave manipulator about the pivot point.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to: determine an optimal one of a plurality of tools for use at the work site according to the geometries of the plurality of tools and distances to the translated positions of the plurality of user specified points from the pivot point; and cause an indication of the optimal one of the plurality of tools to be displayed on the display.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the work site comprises one or more objects, and wherein the plurality of user specified points are disposed on a surface topology of the one or more objects.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising: a retractor that is retracting at least a portion of one of the one or more objects, wherein the plurality of user specified points have been individually specified one-at-a-time by a user on a captured image of the work site that is being displayed on the display while the retractor is so retracting the portion of the one of the one or more objects.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the work site comprises a cavity, wherein the one or more objects are disposed within the cavity, and further comprising: an insufflator for insufflating the cavity with a gas, wherein the plurality of user specified points have been individually specified one-at-a-time by a user on a captured image of the work site that is being displayed on the display while the insufflator is so inflating the cavity.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to determine the positions of the plurality of user specified points in the work site by determining a depth for each of the plurality of user specified points relative to the image reference frame by analyzing information of light reflected from the one or more objects.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the image capture device captures a pair of stereo images of the work site, and wherein the processor is programmed to determine the positions of plurality of user specified points in the work site relative to the image reference frame by determining a depth for each of the plurality of user specified points relative to the image capturing end of the image capture device by analyzing the stereo images captured by the image capture device.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a graphical user interface adapted to provide the information of the plurality of user specified points to the processor as the user individually specifies one-at-a-time the plurality of user specified points on a screen of the display while the screen is displaying images captured by the image capture device of the work site; wherein the processor is programmed to determine positions of the plurality of user specified points in the work site by translating the information of the plurality of user specified points from a display reference frame to the image reference frame.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a telestrator adapted to provide the information of the plurality of user specified points to the processor as the user individually specifies one-at-a-time the plurality of user specified points on a screen of the display while the screen of the display is displaying images captured by the image capture device of the work site; wherein the processor is programmed to determine positions of the plurality of user specified points from a display reference frame to the image reference frame.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a gaze tracker adapted to provide the information of the plurality of user specified points to the processor as the user individually specifies one-at-a-time the plurality of user specified points by gazing on and selecting the plurality of user specified points on a screen of the display while the screen of the display is displaying images captured by the image capture device of the work site; wherein the processor is programmed to determine positions of the plurality of user specified points from a display reference frame to the image reference frame.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to cause the information of the translated positions of the plurality of user specified points to be graphically displayed on the display by causing a three-dimensional distance map to be displayed on the display, wherein the three-dimensional distance map indicates distances to the plurality of user specified points in the target reference frame.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the processor is programmed to cause graphical representations of a plurality of tools of varying geometries to be displayed on the display so as to indicate a reachability of each of the plurality of tools to the translated positions of the plurality of user specified points.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to cause the information of the translated positions of the plurality of user specified points to be graphically displayed on the display by displaying a distance histogram on the display, wherein the distance histogram includes distances to the plurality of user specified points from the pivot point.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the processor is programmed to cause graphical representations of extendable lengths of a plurality of tools of different geometries to be displayed on the histogram for visual comparison to the distances to the plurality of user specified points from the pivot point.
 16. A method for providing work site measurements, the method comprising: receiving information of a plurality of user specified points in a work site; determining positions of a plurality of user specified points in the work site relative to an image reference frame having an origin collocated with an image capturing end of an image capture device; translating the determined positions of the plurality of user specified points from the image reference frame to a target reference frame having an origin collocated with a pivot point about which a tool is manipulatable by a slave manipulator; and graphically displaying information of the translated positions of the plurality of user specified points on a display so as to indicate distances of the plurality of user specified points to the pivot point.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: displaying information of a plurality of tools of varying geometries along with the information of the translated positions of the plurality of user specified points on the display, wherein a replacement tool is selectable among the plurality of tools so that the replacement tool may replace the tool which is manipulatable by the slave manipulator about the pivot point.
 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: determining an optimal one of a plurality of tools for use at the work site according to the geometries of the plurality of tools and distances to the translated positions of the plurality of user specified points from the pivot point; and displaying an indication of the optimal one of the plurality of tools on the display.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein receiving information of a plurality of user specified points in a work site comprises: receiving indications of the user specified points on one or more objects at the work site as the image capturing end of the image capturing device is being directed towards different locations on the one or more objects. 